Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards
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INTERMEDIATE F I F T E E N T H
E D I T I O N
Intermediate ACCOUNTING Intermediate Accounting Accounting
6-1
Prepared by Prepared by Coby Harmon Prepared by Coby Harmon Harmon University of California Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Coby Barbara University of California, Santa Barbara Westmont College Westmont College
kieso weygandt warfield team for success
PREVIEW OF CHAPTER
6
Intermediate Accounting 15th Edition Kieso Weygandt Warfield 6-2
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
6-3
1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Basic Time Value Concepts Time Value of Money
A relationship between time and money.
A dollar received today is worth more than a dollar promised at some time in the future. When deciding among investment or borrowing alternatives, it is essential to be able to compare today’s dollar and tomorrow’s dollar on the same footing—to “compare apples to apples.”
6-4
LO 1 Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
Applications of Time Value Concepts Present Value-Based Accounting Measurements 1. Notes 2. Leases 3. Pensions and Other
Postretirement Benefits
5. Shared-Based Compensation
6. Business Combinations 7. Disclosures 8. Environmental Liabilities
4. Long-Term Assets
6-5
LO 1 Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
Basic Time Value Concepts The Nature of Interest
Payment for the use of money.
Excess cash received or repaid over the amount lent or borrowed (principal).
6-6
LO 1 Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
6-7
1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Basic Time Value Concepts Simple Interest
Interest computed on the principal only.
Illustration: Barstow Electric Inc. borrows $10,000 for 3 years at a simple interest rate of 8% per year. Compute the total
interest to be paid for the 1 year. Interest = p x i x n
Annual Interest
= $10,000 x .08 x 1 = $800
Federal law requires the disclosure of interest rates on an annual basis. 6-8
LO 2 Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
Basic Time Value Concepts Simple Interest
Interest computed on the principal only.
Illustration: Barstow Electric Inc. borrows $10,000 for 3 years at a simple interest rate of 8% per year. Compute the total
interest to be paid for the 3 years. Interest = p x i x n
Total Interest
= $10,000 x .08 x 3 = $2,400
6-9
LO 2 Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
Basic Time Value Concepts Simple Interest
Interest computed on the principal only.
Illustration: If Barstow borrows $10,000 for 3 months at a 8% per year, the interest is computed as follows. Interest = p x i x n
Partial Year
= $10,000 x .08 x 3/12 = $200
6-10
LO 2 Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-11
Basic Time Value Concepts Compound Interest
6-12
Computes interest on ►
principal and
►
interest earned that has not been paid or withdrawn.
Typical interest computation applied in business situations.
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
Compound Interest Illustration: Tomalczyk Company deposits $10,000 in the Last National Bank, where it will earn simple interest of 9% per year. It deposits another $10,000 in the First State Bank, where it will earn compound interest of 9% per year compounded annually. In both cases, Tomalczyk will not withdraw any interest until 3 years from the date of deposit. Illustration 6-1 Simple vs. Compound Interest
6-13
Year 1 $10,000.00 x 9%
$ 900.00 $ 10,900.00
Year 2 $10,900.00 x 9%
$ 981.00 $ 11,881.00
Year 3 $11,881.00 x 9%
$1,069.29 $ 12,950.29
LO 3
A PRETTYYOUR GOOD START WHAT’S PRINCIPLE
The continuing debate on Social Security reform provides a great context to illustrate the power of compounding. One proposed idea is for the government to give $1,000 to every citizen at birth. This gift would be deposited in an account that would earn interest tax-free until the citizen retires. Assuming the account earns a modest 5% annual return until retirement at age 65, the $1,000 would grow to $23,839. With monthly compounding, the $1,000 deposited at birth would grow to $25,617.
6-14
Why start so early? If the government waited until age 18 to deposit the money, it would grow to only $9,906 with annual compounding. That is, reducing the time invested by a third results in more than a 50% reduction in retirement money. This example illustrates the importance of starting early when the power of compounding is involved.
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
Basic Time Value Concepts Compound Interest Tables Table 6-1 - Future Value of 1 Table 6-2 - Present Value of 1 Table 6-3 - Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity of 1
Table 6-4 - Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity of 1 Table 6-5 - Present Value of an Annuity Due of 1 Number of Periods = number of years x the number of compounding periods per year. Compounding Period Interest Rate = annual rate divided by the number of compounding periods per year. 6-15
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
Basic Time Value Concepts Compound Interest Tables Illustration 6-2 Excerpt from Table 6-1
FUTURE VALUE OF 1 AT COMPOUND INTEREST (Excerpt From Table 6-1, Page 1
How much principal plus interest a dollar accumulates to at the end of each of five periods, at three different rates of compound interest.
6-16
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
Basic Time Value Concepts Compound Interest Tables Formula to determine the future value factor (FVF) for 1:
Where: FVFn,i = future value factor for n periods at i interest n
i
6-17
= number of periods
= rate of interest for a single period
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
Basic Time Value Concepts Compound Interest Tables Determine the number of periods by multiplying the number of years involved by the number of compounding periods per year. Illustration 6-4 Frequency of Compounding
6-18
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
Basic Time Value Concepts Compound Interest Tables A 9% annual interest compounded daily provides a 9.42% yield. Effective Yield for a $10,000 investment.
6-19
Illustration 6-5 Comparison of Different Compounding Periods
LO 3 Use appropriate compound interest tables.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-20
Basic Time Value Concepts Fundamental Variables
Rate of Interest
Future Value
Number of Time Periods
Present Value Illustration 6-6
6-21
LO 4 Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-22
Single-Sum Problems Two Categories Unknown Present Value
Unknown Future Value
Illustration 6-6
6-23
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Future Value of a Single Sum Value at a future date of a given amount invested, assuming compound interest.
Where: FV = future value PV = present value (principal or single sum) FVF n,i = future value factor for n periods at i interest
6-24
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum Illustration: Bruegger Co. wants to determine the future
value of $50,000 invested for 5 years compounded annually at an interest rate of 11%.
= $84,253
Illustration 6-7
6-25
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum
Alternate Calculation
Illustration: Bruegger Co. wants to determine the future
value of $50,000 invested for 5 years compounded annually at an interest rate of 11%.
What table do we use?
Illustration 6-7
6-26
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum
Alternate Calculation
i=11% n=5
What factor do we use? $50,000 Present Value
6-27
x
1.68506 Factor
=
$84,253 Future Value
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum Illustration: Robert Anderson invested $15,000 today in a fund that earns 8% compounded annually. To what amount will the investment grow in 3 years? Present Value $15,000
0
1
Future Value?
2
3
4
5
6
What table do we use? 6-28
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum i=8% n=3
$15,000 Present Value
6-29
x
1.25971 Factor
=
$18,896 Future Value
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum PROOF
Year 1 2 3
Beginning Balance Rate $ 15,000 x 8% 16,200 x 8% 17,496 x 8%
Previous Year-End Interest Balance Balance = 1,200 + 15,000 = $ 16,200 = 1,296 + 16,200 = 17,496 = 1,400 + 17,496 = 18,896
Illustration: Robert Anderson invested $15,000 today in a fund that earns 8% compounded annually. To what amount will the investment grow in 3 years?
6-30
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum Present Value $15,000
0
1
2
Future Value?
3
4
5
6
Illustration: Robert Anderson invested $15,000 today in a fund that earns 8% compounded semiannually. To what amount will the investment grow in 3 years?
What table do we use? 6-31
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Future Value of a Single Sum i=4% n=6
What factor? $15,000 Present Value 6-32
x 1.26532 Factor
=
$18,980 Future Value
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Present Value of a Single Sum Value now of a given amount to be paid or received in the future, assuming compound interest.
Where: FV = future value PV = present value (principal or single sum)
PVF n,i = present value factor for n periods at i interest
6-33
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum Illustration: What is the present value of $84,253 to be
received or paid in 5 years discounted at 11% compounded annually?
= $50,000
Illustration 6-11
6-34
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum
Alternate Calculation
Illustration: What is the present value of $84,253 to be
received or paid in 5 years discounted at 11% compounded annually?
What table do we use?
Illustration 6-11
6-35
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum i=11% n=5
What factor?
$84,253 Future Value
6-36
x
.59345 Factor
=
$50,000 Present Value
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum Illustration: Caroline and Clifford need $25,000 in 4 years.
What amount must they invest today if their investment earns 12% compounded annually? Future Value $25,000
Present Value?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
What table do we use?
6-37
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum i=12% n=4
What factor?
$25,000 Future Value
6-38
x
.63552 Factor
=
$15,888 Present Value
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum Illustration: Caroline and Clifford need $25,000 in 4 years.
What amount must they invest today if their investment earns 12% compounded quarterly?
Future Value $25,000
Present Value?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
What table do we use?
6-39
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Present Value of a Single Sum i=3% n=16
$25,000 Future Value 6-40
x
.62317 Factor
=
$15,579 Present Value
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Solving for Other Unknowns Example—Computation of the Number of Periods The Village of Somonauk wants to accumulate $70,000 for the construction of a veterans monument in the town square. At the beginning of the current year, the Village deposited $47,811 in a memorial fund that earns 10% interest compounded annually. How many years will it take to accumulate $70,000 in the memorial fund? Illustration 6-13
6-41
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Example—Computation of the Number of Periods Illustration 6-14
Using the future value factor of 1.46410, refer to Table 6-1 and read down the 10% column to find that factor in the 4-period row.
6-42
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Example—Computation of the Number of Periods Illustration 6-14
Using the present value factor of .68301, refer to Table 6-2 and read down the 10% column to find that factor in the 4-period row.
6-43
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Solving for Other Unknowns Example—Computation of the Interest Rate Advanced Design, Inc. needs $1,409,870 for basic research 5 years from now. The company currently has $800,000 to invest for that purpose. At what rate of interest must it invest the $800,000 to fund basic research projects of $1,409,870, 5 years from now? Illustration 6-15
6-44
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Example—Computation of the Interest Rate Illustration 6-16
Using the future value factor of 1.76234, refer to Table 6-1 and read across the 5-period row to find the factor.
6-45
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
Single-Sum Problems Example—Computation of the Interest Rate Illustration 6-16
Using the present value factor of .56743, refer to Table 6-2 and read across the 5-period row to find the factor.
6-46
LO 5 Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-47
Annuities Annuity requires: (1) Periodic payments or receipts (called rents) of the same amount, (2) Same-length interval between such rents, and (3) Compounding of interest once each interval.
Two Types
6-48
Ordinary Annuity - rents occur at the end of each period. Annuity Due - rents occur at the beginning of each period.
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Annuities Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Rents occur at the end of each period.
No interest during 1st period.
Future Value
Present Value
0
6-49
$20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity Illustration: Assume that $1 is deposited at the end of each of 5 years (an ordinary annuity) and earns 12% interest compounded annually. Following is the computation of the future value, using the “future value of 1” table (Table 6-1) for each of the five $1 rents. Illustration 6-17
6-50
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity A formula provides a more efficient way of expressing the future value of an ordinary annuity of 1.
Where: R = periodic rent
FVF-OA n,i = future value factor of an ordinary annuity i = rate of interest per period n = number of compounding periods
6-51
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity Illustration: What is the future value of five $5,000 deposits made at the end of each of the next 5 years, earning interest of 12%?
= $31,764.25
Illustration 6-19
6-52
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Alternate Calculation
Illustration: What is the future value of five $5,000 deposits made at the end of each of the next 5 years, earning interest of 12%?
What table do we use?
Illustration 6-19
6-53
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity i=12% n=5
What factor?
$5,000 Deposits
6-54
x
6.35285 Factor
=
$31,764 Present Value
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity Future Value
Present Value
0
$30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Illustration: Gomez Inc. will deposit $30,000 in a 12% fund at the end of each year for 8 years beginning December 31, 2014. What amount will be in the fund immediately after the last deposit?
What table do we use? 6-55
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity i=12% n=8
$30,000 Deposit 6-56
x
12.29969 Factor
=
$368,991 Future Value
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
WHAT’S YOUR PRINCIPLE
DON’T WAIT TO MAKE THAT CONTRIBUTION!
There is great power in compounding of interest, and there is no better illustration of this maxim than the case of retirement savings, especially for young people. Under current tax rules for individual retirement accounts (IRAs), you can contribute up to $5,000 in an investment fund, which will grow tax-free until you reach retirement age. What’s more, you get a tax deduction for the amount contributed in the current year. Financial planners encourage young people to take advantage of the tax benefits of IRAs. By starting early, you can use the power of compounding to grow a pretty good nest egg. As shown in the following chart, starting earlier can have a big impact on the value of your retirement fund. As shown, by setting aside $1,000 each year, beginning when you are 25 and assuming a rate of return of 6%, your retirement account at age 65 will have a tidy balance of $154,762 ($1,000 3 154.76197 (FVFOA40,6%)). That’s the power of compounding. Not too bad you say, but hey, there are a lot of things you might want to spend that $1,000 on (clothes, a trip to Vegas or Europe, new golf clubs). However, if you delay starting those contributions until age 30, your 6-57
retirement fund will grow only to a value of $111,435 ($1,000 3 111.43478 (FVF-OA35,6%)). That is quite a haircut—about 28%. That is, by delaying or missing contributions, you miss out on the power of compounding and put a dent in your projected nest egg. Source: Adapted from T. Rowe Price, “A Roadmap to Financial Security for Young Adults,” Invest with Confidence (troweprice.com).
LO 6
Annuities Future Value of an Annuity Due
Rents occur at the beginning of each period.
Interest will accumulate during 1st period.
Annuity Due has one more interest period than Ordinary Annuity.
Factor = multiply future value of an ordinary annuity factor by 1 plus the interest rate. Future Value
$20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6-58
8
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Annuity Due Comparison of Ordinary Annuity with an Annuity Due Illustration 6-21
6-59
LO 6
Future Value of an Annuity Due Computation of Rent Illustration: Assume that you plan to accumulate $14,000 for a down payment on a condominium apartment 5 years from now. For the next 5 years, you earn an annual return of 8% compounded semiannually. How much should you deposit at the end of each 6month period?
R = $1,166.07
Illustration 6-24 6-60
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Annuity Due
Alternate Calculation
Illustration 6-24
Computation of Rent $14,000
= $1,166.07
12.00611
6-61
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Annuity Due Computation of Number of Periodic Rents Illustration: Suppose that a company’s goal is to accumulate $117,332 by making periodic deposits of $20,000 at the end of each year, which will earn 8% compounded annually while accumulating. How many deposits must it make?
Illustration 6-25
6-62
5.86660
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Annuity Due Computation of Future Value Illustration: Mr. Goodwrench deposits $2,500 today in a savings account that earns 9% interest. He plans to deposit $2,500 every year for a total of 30 years. How much cash will Mr. Goodwrench accumulate in his retirement savings account, when he retires in 30 years? Illustration 6-27
6-63
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Annuity Due Present Value
Future Value 20,000
$20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Illustration: Bayou Inc. will deposit $20,000 in a 12% fund at the beginning of each year for 8 years beginning January 1, Year 1. What amount will be in the fund at the end of Year 8?
What table do we use? 6-64
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Future Value of an Annuity Due i=12% n=8
12.29969 $20,000 Deposit 6-65
x
x
1.12
13.775652 Factor
=
13.775652 =
$275,513 Future Value
LO 6 Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-66
Annuities Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity
Present value of a series of equal amounts to be withdrawn or received at equal intervals.
Periodic rents occur at the end of the period.
Present Value $100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
19
20
..... 0
6-67
1
2
3
4
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity Illustration: Assume that $1 is to be received at the end of each of 5 periods, as separate amounts, and earns 12% interest compounded annually. Illustration 6-28
6-68
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity A formula provides a more efficient way of expressing the present value of an ordinary annuity of 1.
Where:
6-69
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity Illustration: What is the present value of rental receipts of $6,000 each, to be received at the end of each of the next 5 years when discounted at 12%?
Illustration 6-30
6-70
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity Present Value $100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
19
20
..... 0
1
2
3
4
Illustration: Jaime Yuen wins $2,000,000 in the state lottery. She will be paid $100,000 at the end of each year for the next 20 years. How much has she actually won? Assume an appropriate interest rate of 8%.
What table do we use? 6-71
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity i=5% n=20
$100,000 Receipts 6-72
x
9.81815 Factor
=
$981,815 Present Value
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
UP IN SMOKE WHAT’S YOUR Time value of money concepts also can be relevant to public policy debates. For example, several states had to determine how to receive the payments from tobacco companies as settlement for a national lawsuit against the companies for the healthcare costs of smoking. The State of Wisconsin was due to collect 25 years of payments totaling $5.6 billion. The state could wait to collect the payments, or it could sell the payments to an investment bank (a process called securitization). If it were to sell the payments, it would receive a lumpsum payment today of $1.26 billion. Is this a good deal for the state? Assuming a discount rate of 8% and that the payments will be received in equal amounts (e.g., an annuity), the present value of the tobacco payment is:
PRINCIPLE
Why would some in the state be willing to take just $1.26 billion today for an annuity whose present value is almost twice that amount? One reason is that Wisconsin was facing a hole in its budget that could be plugged in part by the lump-sum payment. Also, some believed that the risk of not getting paid by the tobacco companies in the future makes it prudent to get the money earlier. If this latter reason has merit, then the present value computation above should have been based on a higher interest rate. Assuming a discount rate of 15%, the present value of the annuity is $1.448 billion ($5.6 billion ÷ 25 = $224 million; $224 million x 6.46415), which is much closer to the lumpsum payment offered to the State of Wisconsin.
$5.6 billion 4 25 5 $224 million $224 million 3 10.67478* 5 $2.39 billion *PV-OA (i 5 8%, n 5 25) 6-73
LO 7
Annuities Present Value of an Annuity Due
Present value of a series of equal amounts to be withdrawn or received at equal intervals.
Periodic rents occur at the beginning of the period.
Present Value $100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
..... 0 6-74
1
2
3
4
19
20
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Annuity Due Comparison of Ordinary Annuity with an Annuity Due Illustration 6-31
6-75
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of an Annuity Due Illustration: Space Odyssey, Inc., rents a communications
satellite for 4 years with annual rental payments of $4.8 million to be made at the beginning of each year. If the relevant annual interest rate is 11%, what is the present value of the rental obligations? Illustration 6-33
6-76
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of Annuity Problems Illustration: Jaime Yuen wins $2,000,000 in the state lottery. She will be paid $100,000 at the beginning of each year for the next 20 years. How much has she actually won? Assume an appropriate interest rate of 8%. Present Value $100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
..... 0
1
2
3
4
19
20
What table do we use? 6-77
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of Annuity Problems i=8% n=20
$100,000 Receipts 6-78
x
10.60360 Factor
=
$1,060,360 Present Value
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of Annuity Problems Computation of the Interest Rate Illustration: Assume you receive a statement from MasterCard with a balance due of $528.77. You may pay it off in 12 equal monthly payments of $50 each, with the first payment due one month from now. What rate of interest would you be paying?
Referring to Table 6-4 and reading across the 12-period row, you find 10.57534 in the 2% column. Since 2% is a monthly rate, the nominal annual rate of interest is 24% (12 x 2%). The effective annual rate is 26.82413% [(1 + .02)12 - 1].
6-79
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
Present Value of Annuity Problems Computation of a Periodic Rent Illustration: Norm and Jackie Remmers have saved $36,000 to finance their daughter Dawna’s college education. They deposited the money in the Bloomington Savings and Loan Association, where it earns 4% interest compounded semiannually. What equal amounts can their daughter withdraw at the end of every 6 months during her 4 college years, without exhausting the fund?
12
6-80
LO 7 Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-81
More Complex Situations Deferred Annuities
Rents begin after a specified number of periods.
Future Value of a Deferred Annuity - Calculation same as the future value of an annuity not deferred.
Present Value of a Deferred Annuity - Must recognize the interest that accrues during the deferral period. Future Value
Present Value 100,000
100,000
100,000
..... 0 6-82
1
2
3
4
19
20
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
More Complex Situations Valuation of Long-Term Bonds Two Cash Flows:
Periodic interest payments (annuity).
Principal paid at maturity (single-sum).
2,000,000 $140,000
140,000
140,000
140,000
140,000
140,000
9
10
..... 0 6-83
1
2
3
4
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
Valuation of Long-Term Bonds Illustration: Clancey Inc. issues $2,000,000 of 7% bonds due in 10 years with interest payable at year-end. The current market rate of interest for bonds of similar risk is 8%. What amount will Clancey receive when it issues the bonds?
Present Value $140,000
140,000
140,000
140,000
140,000
2,140,000
9
10
..... 0
6-84
1
2
3
4
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
Valuation of Long-Term Bonds
i=8% n=10
PV of Interest
$140,000
x
Interest Payment 6-85
6.71008 Factor
=
$939,411 Present Value
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
Valuation of Long-Term Bonds
i=8% n=10
PV of Principal
$2,000,000 Principal 6-86
x
.46319 Factor
=
$926,380 Present Value
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
Valuation of Long-Term Bonds Illustration: Clancey Inc. issues $2,000,000 of 7% bonds due in 10 years with interest payable at year-end. Present value of Interest
$939,411
Present value of Principal
926,380
Bond current market value
Date Account Title Cash Bonds payable
6-87
$1,865,791
Debit
Credit
1,865,791 1,865,791
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
Valuation of Long-Term Bonds Illustration
Schedule of Bond Discount Amortization 10-Year, 7% Bonds Sold to Yield 8% Cash Interest Paid
Date 1/1/10 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 12/31/13 12/31/14 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 12/31/18 12/31/19
140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 *
6-88
Interest Expense
Bond Discount Amortization
149,263 150,004 150,805 151,669 152,603 153,611 154,700 155,876 157,146 158,533 *
9,263 10,004 10,805 11,669 12,603 13,611 14,700 15,876 17,146 18,533
Carrying Value of Bonds 1,865,791 1,875,054 1,885,059 1,895,863 1,907,532 1,920,135 1,933,746 1,948,445 1,964,321 1,981,467 2,000,000
rounding
LO 8 Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
6
Accounting and the Time Value of Money
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.
Identify accounting topics where the time value of money is relevant.
6.
Solve future value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
2.
Distinguish between simple and compound interest.
7.
Solve present value of ordinary and annuity due problems.
3.
Use appropriate compound interest tables.
8.
Solve present value problems related to deferred annuities and bonds.
4.
Identify variables fundamental to solving interest problems.
9.
Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
5.
Solve future and present value of 1 problems.
6-89
Present Value Measurement Concept Statement No. 7 introduces an expected cash flow approach that uses a range of cash flows and incorporates the probabilities of those cash flows.
Choosing an Appropriate Interest Rate Three Components of Interest:
6-90
Pure Rate
Expected Inflation Rate
Credit Risk Rate
Risk-free rate of return. FASB states a company should discount expected cash flows by the riskfree rate of return.
LO 9 Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
Present Value Measurement Illustration: Keith Bowie is trying to determine the amount to set aside so that she will have enough money on hand in 2 years to overhaul the engine on her vintage used car. While there is some uncertainty about the cost of engine overhauls in 2 years, by conducting some research online, Angela has developed the following estimates.
Instructions: How much should Keith Bowie deposit today in an account earning 6%, compounded annually, so that she will have enough money on hand in 2 years to pay for the overhaul? 6-91
LO 9 Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
Present Value Measurement Instructions: How much should Keith Bowie deposit today in an account earning 6%, compounded annually, so that she will have enough money on hand in 2 years to pay for the overhaul?
6-92
LO 9 Apply expected cash flows to present value measurement.
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