Why Do Cells Divide? For growth, repair, and reproduction http://www.luc.edu/depts/biology/dev /regen2.htm
Mitosis • Organisms grow by the addition of cells • In multicellular organism some of these cells perform functions different from other cells.
• The process of a cell becoming different is differentiation. • Under normal conditions once an animal cell becomes specialized it can no longer form an entire organism.
When do cells divide? • Most limiting factor in size is the size of the cell membrane. –Cells must obtain nutrients –as volume increases, cell surface area does not increase as greatly –larger cells require a larger surface area for survival
Cell Division vs. Nuclear Division • Cytokinesis: The actual division of the cell into two new cells. • Mitosis: The division of the nucleus of the cell into two new nuclei. • Note: Sometimes cells go through mitosis without going through cytokinesis. Describe a cell that did this.
Terminology • Chromatin - thin fibrous form of DNA and proteins • Sister chromatids- identical structures that result from chromosome replication, formed during S phase
Anatomy of a Chromosome p -arm
centromere
q-arm
chromatids
telomere
• Centromere - point where sister chromatids are joined together • P=short arm; upward • Q=long arm; downward • Telomere-tips of chromosome
How Do Cells Divide? • Cell cycle - sequence of phases in the life cycle of the cell
Getting ready to split • Cell cycle has two parts: –growth and preparation (interphase) –cell division • mitosis (nuclear division) • cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
Interphase
• Occurs between divisions • Longest part of cycle • 3 stages
Interphase • G1 or Gap 1 –The cell just finished dividing so in Gap 1 the cell is recovering from mitosis
Interphase • S or Synthesis stage –DNA replicates
Interphase • G 2 or Gap 2 –This is preparation for mitosis –Organelles are replicated. –More growth occurs.
MITOSIS Mitosis begins after G 2 and ends before G 1
Prophase • Chromosome condense • Microtubles form • The nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase • Chromosomes are pulled to center of cell • Line up along “metaphase plate”
Anaphase • Centromeres divide • Spindle fibers pull one set of chromosomes to each pole • Precise alignment is critical to division
Telophase • Nuclear envelope form around chromosomes • Chromosomes uncoil • Cytokinesis – animals - pinching of plasma membrane – plants- elongates and the cell plate forms( future cellwall and cell
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multime dia/mitosis/
Meiosis
What is Meiosis? A division of the nucleus that reduces chromosome number by half. •Important in sexual reproduction •Involves combining the genetic information of one parent with that of the the other parent to produce a
Terminology • Diploid - two sets of chromosomes (2n), in humans 23 pairs or 46 total • Haploid - one set of chromosomes (n) - gametes or sex cells, in humans 23 chromosomes
Chromosome Pairing • Homologous pair –each chromosome in pair are identical to the other ( carry genes for same trait) –only one pair differs - sex chromosomes X or Y
Phases of Meiosis • A diploid cell replicates its chromosomes • Two stages of meiosis –Meiosis I and Meiosis II –Only 1 replication
–Synapsis - pairing of homologous chromosomes forming a tetrad. –Crossing over - chromatids of tetrad exchange parts.
Meiosis I
Prophase I • Chromosomes condense • Homologous chromosomes pair w/ each other • Each pair contains four sister chromatids - tetrad
Metaphase I • Tetrads or homologous chromosomes move to center of cell
Anaphase I • Homologous chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
Telophase I • Daughter nuclei formed • These are haploid (1n)
Meiosis II • Daughter cells undergo a second division; much like mitosis • NO ADDITIONAL REPLICATION OCCURS
Prophase II • Spindle fibers form again
Metaphase II • Sister chromatids move to the center
Anaphase II • Centromeres split • Individual chromosomes are pulled to poles
Telophase II & Cytokinesis • Four haploid daughter cells results from one original diploid cell
Review Mitosis & Meiosis • Both are forms of nuclear division • Both involve replication • Both involve disappearance of the nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear membrane • Both involve formation of spindle fibers
DIFFERENCES
• Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n. • Daughter cells produced by meiosis are not genetically identical to one another. • In meiosis cell division takes place twice but replication occurs only once.
Value of Variation • Variation - differences between members of a population. • Meiosis results in random separation of chromosomes in gametes. • Causes diverse populations that over time can be stronger for survival.
