Tour of Cell Organelles

Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work

AP Biology

2009-2010

Vocabulary I can….. 1/27 – organelle 1/27 – Describe 2 functions of my cells. 1/28 – cell wall 1/29 – lysosomes 1/28 – Name 3 different animal 1/30 – rough ER cells. 1/29 – Name 3 ways cells 2/2 – golgi appartus move. 1/30 – Trace the path of protein synthesis. 2/2 – Contrast plant and animal cells

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Types of cells

bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles

Eukaryotes - organelles

animal cells Regents Biology

plant cells

Why study cells? Levels of life!!!  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies bodies are made up of cells  cells do all the work of life! 

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How do animal or unicellular cells move?

 Some can crawl with pseudopods  Some can swim with a flagellum  Some can swim very fast with cilia- in humans cilia line most of our airways!!!!

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Flagellum/flagella

 large whiplike  

tail pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair

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Cilia

 fine, hairlike

 

extensions attached to cell membrane beat in unison

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Pseudopods

 means “fake

 

feet” extensions of cell membrane example: ameoba

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Eukaryote cells can be multicellular  The whole cell can be specialized for  

one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs

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Examples of specialized euk. cells  liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen. Regents Biology

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 sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell

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Do plants have tissue and organs?  Show potato an onion fields!!!

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 Mesophyll cell 



specializ ed to capture as much light as possible inside a leaf

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All cells are shaped according to their functions!!!!!

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The Jobs of Cells  Cells have 3 main jobs 

make energy  need energy for all activities

ATP

 need to clean up waste produced

while making energy 

Our organelles do all these jobs!

make proteins  proteins do all the work in a cell,

so we need lots of them 

make more cells  for growth  to replace damaged or diseased cells

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Organelles - small organelles  Organelles - perform cellular functions 

each structure has a job to do

They’re like mini-organs!

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Model Animal Cell

CONTROL CENTER

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Nucleus - discovered Robert Brown 1831  Function – surrounded by membrane 

protects DNA Structures

 

nuclear membrane nucleolus  ribosome factory



chromosomes  DNA

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Chromosomes or chromatin  DNA and proteins located within the nucleus.  Chromatin when cell is growing  Chromosomes condensed chromatin when dividing

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Nuclear Membrane  Control the

 

movement of material in and out of nucleus. Surrounds chromosomes Double phosolipid layer DNA

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Nucleolus  Site of ribosomes synthesis- where protein synthesis starts.

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CLEAN, STORES, AND SUPPORT

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Vacoules Plants• Central, large storage area to help plant remain rigid. Wilt without it!!!!! • Storage of chemicals and wastes. • Flowers - contain pigments attract insects. • Poisons to protect plant

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 Vacuole Function: huge water-filled sac keeps cell pressurized and stores starch. Plant would wilt without it

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Vacoules – animals and protists  Paramecium - lives fresh water and constantly pumps out water. Contractile vacuole – to pump out fresh water.  Varies from cell to cell - stores waste, poison, and water.

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Vesicles  Function moving material around cell  storage 

small food particle

 Structure 

membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes

vesicle vesicle filled w/ Regents Biology digested nutrients

Cytoskeleton  Acts as skeleton  



and muscle Provides shape and structure Helps move organelles around the cell Made of three types of filaments

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Microtubules

 Straight hollow  

tubes Support and give shape to the cell. Grow from centriole in animal cells during mitosis

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Microtubules Function: cell division and gives cell shape. Bigger than microfilaments. Shaped like tubes!!

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Intermediate fibers

 Reinforce the 

shape of the cell Anchor organelles

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Microfilaments

 Cell movements  Support cell shape inside cell membrane

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Microfilaments Function: threadlike structures that gives a cell its shape

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Centrioles  Function 

help coordinate cell division  only in animal cells

 Structure 

one pair in each cell

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 Function

Lysosomes

 



digest food Lipids, carbs, and proteins clean up & recycle  digest broken

organelles

lysosomes

small food particle

vacuole

digesting food Regents Biology

 Structure 

membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles

Cytoplasm  Everything inside the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus; consists of semi - fluid and organelles.

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PROTEINS

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Proteins  Making proteins 

to run daily life & growth, the cell must…  build proteins  structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)  enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)  signals (hormones) & receptors



organelles that do this work…  nucleus  ribosomes  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Golgi apparatus

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Ribosomes  Function  

protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA

 Structure  

some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER

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Endoplasmic Reticulum  Function 

works on proteins  helps complete the

proteins after ribosome builds them 

makes membranes

 Structure 

rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins

smooth ER - synthesis lipids and steroids makes Regents Biology membranes, store Ca+ 

Golgi Apparatus  Function 

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department



ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”

 Structure 

vesicles carrying proteins

membrane sacs

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transport vesicles

endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

protein on its way!

DNA RNA

vesicle

TO:

TO:

TO:

vesicle ribosomes TO:

finished protein

protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins Regents Biology

CAPTURE AND RELEASE ENERGY

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Mitochondria  Function make energy make ATP energy from cellular respiration Structure  double membrane 

ATP

in both animal & plant cells Regents Biology

Plants make energy two ways!  Mitochondria 

ATP

make energy from sugar + O2  cellular respiration

 Chloroplasts 

make energy + sugar from sunlight  photosynthesis  sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy 

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build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars

sugar

ATP

 Chloroplasts Function: filled with chlorophyll turns solar energy into glucose. Plants and Protists

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Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells

mitochondria Regents Biology

chloroplast

CELL BOUNDARY

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Cell membrane

phosphate “head”

 Function separates cell from outside  controls what enters or leaves cell 

 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste 

recognizes signals from other cells  allows communication between cells

 Structure 

double layer of fat  phospholipid bilayer

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lipid “tail”

Structures found in plant cells

 Cell wall   



very strong made of cellulose Function: protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door

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cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles

central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support

mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

ribosomes builds proteins

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

nucleus protects DNA controls cell

ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins

nucleus control cell protects DNA

nucleolus make ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins

cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles

central vacuole storage: food, water or waste

Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins

cell wall support

mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up

That’s my cellular story… Any Questions? AP Biology

2009-2010

Food & water storage food vacuole

plant cells central vacuole

animal cells

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contractile vacuole

How are plant and animal cells different?

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Plants vs. Animal Cells Plant Cell Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplast Shape No centrioles

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Animal Cell No cell wall no vacuole no chloroplast Different shape centrioles

Structure

Animal cells

Plant cells

cell membrane

Yes

yes

nucleus

Yes

yes

nucleolus

yes

yes

ribosomes

yes

yes

ER

yes

yes

Golgi

yes

yes

centrioles

yes

no

cell wall

no

yes

mitochondria

yes

yes

cholorplasts

no

yes

One big vacuole

no

yes

cytoskeleton

yes

Yes

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